{"id":89524,"date":"2024-04-19T12:53:51","date_gmt":"2024-04-19T10:53:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/refrigeracion-con-amoniaco-nh3-r717\/"},"modified":"2025-08-11T14:18:39","modified_gmt":"2025-08-11T12:18:39","slug":"ammonia-refrigeration-nh3-r717","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/en\/ammonia-refrigeration-nh3-r717\/","title":{"rendered":"Ammonia refrigeration (NH3 &#8211; R717)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"89524\" class=\"elementor elementor-89524 elementor-89484\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61cbafa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"61cbafa\" data-element_type=\"container\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-749a23d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"749a23d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\nNowadays refrigeration with ammonia, also known as NH3 or R717, is one of the main alternatives, but why?\n<br>\nAmmonia or NH3 is a natural refrigerant of type L2, mainly used in large industrial plants, known as chillers or chiller plants. NH3 refrigeration technology stands out for its excellent thermodynamic properties.\n<br>\nIts performance allows its application in medium and low temperatures, reaching temperatures down to -70 \u00baC.\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b75121 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8b75121\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ammonia properties (NH3 - R717)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e8de51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e8de51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\"><div class=\"center\"><table><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: #0086be;\"><td style=\"text-align: center; font-weight: bold;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Main characteristics of ammonia<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Chemical formula<\/td><td width=\"283\">NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Liquid density at +20\u00b0C<\/td><td width=\"283\">610 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Gas density at +20\u00baC<\/td><td width=\"283\">0,78kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Relative gas density (with respect to air)<\/td><td width=\"283\">0,6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Triple point<\/td><td width=\"283\">-77,7 \u00baC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Evaporating temperature at 1,013 bar<\/td><td width=\"283\">-33,4 \u00baC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Ignition temperature (DIN 51794)<\/td><td width=\"283\">+ 651 \u00baC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Explosive concentration in volume<\/td><td width=\"283\">15-28%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Explosive concentration by weight<\/td><td width=\"283\">114-212,8 g\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Explosive concentration in p.p.m.<\/td><td width=\"283\">150000 \u2013 280000 ppm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Volume increase with change of state<\/td><td width=\"283\">800 times<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Very soluble in water (litres NH3\/litre water)<\/td><td width=\"283\">1140 a 0\u00baC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Causes skin burns<\/td><td width=\"283\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\"><div class=\"center\"><table><tbody><tr style=\"background-color: #0086be;\"><td style=\"text-align: center; font-weight: bold;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Required quality of ammonia for use as a refrigerant<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Purity<\/td><td width=\"283\">99,98%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Maximum water content<\/td><td width=\"283\">150 ppm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Waste oil<\/td><td width=\"283\">3 ppm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Uncondensable<\/td><td width=\"283\">0,2 ml\/g<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a877b4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a877b4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why is ammonia used in refrigeration?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3bb67f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3bb67f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\nAmmonia refrigeration arises mainly because of the consequences related to the use of halocarbon refrigerants (HFCs, HCFCs and CFCs) that they cause:\n<ul>\n \t<li>The destruction of the ozone layer led to its prohibition through the Montreal Protocol.<\/li>\n \t<li>Global warming as a consequence of the emission of greenhouse gases. This led to the need to limit and even ban the use of HFCs, which had been introduced as substitutes for CFCs and HCFCs. In order to regularise this situation, the Kyoto Protocol was formalised.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThis reinforced the objective of the Paris Agreement whose goal is to keep global warming below 1.5\u00b0C to 2\u00b0C by 2100. We must also bear in mind that these emissions will be increasingly restricted worldwide until they are finally banned.\n\nIn order to solve the future refrigerant shortage, two possibilities have been considered and developed:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Synthesising new refrigerants, although after their failure and the banning of the well-known HFCs as &#8220;substitutes&#8221;, this alternative would only lead to the unknown.<\/li>\n \t<li>Use known natural refrigerants that are compatible with environmental protection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nNatural refrigerants do not contribute to ozone depletion, global warming or ecological safety. In addition, it allows their indirect contribution to global warming to be reduced.\n\nThe natural refrigerants currently used are:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Air(R-729)<\/li>\n \t<li>Water (R-718)<\/li>\n \t<li>Carbon dioxide or CO2 (R-744)<\/li>\n \t<li>Ammonia or NH3 (R-717)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIn addition, there are also HC Hydrocarbons: Propane (R-290), propylene (R-1270), butane (R-600), isobutane (R-600a), ethane (R-170).\n\nThe use of any of these fluids may involve certain hazards, but these will be controlled by proper execution and maintenance, based on the extensive experience available and compliance with applicable regulations, local ordinances and standards.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62aa4fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62aa4fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits and advantages of ammonia refrigeration<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4bf7ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4bf7ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\n\nAmmonia (NH3 or R717) has been used as a refrigerant since the late 19th century, and remains a popular choice today, especially in industrial and commercial applications. Its use is due to a number of benefits and advantages that make it an attractive alternative to synthetic refrigerants.\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-065d5c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"065d5c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefits<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-232ef00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"232ef00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\n\nAmmonia or NH3 refrigeration technology has the following benefits:\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Efficiency and higher performance <\/strong>than other HFC gases such as R134a, R290 or even CO2.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Reliability and safety<\/strong> due to the current regulations governing the safe application on your premises and its characteristic odour, easy to identify in case of leakage.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Environmental sustainability.<\/strong> R717 is a natural refrigerant with zero GWP and ODP.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Smart investment,<\/strong> due to its fast return on investment at maximum yield.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6001e4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6001e4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Advantages<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f2233 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0f2233\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\n\nAmmonia or NH3 refrigeration technology has the following advantages:\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Energy efficiency.<\/strong> Thanks to its excellent thermodynamic properties, electricity consumption is reduced and a quick return on investment is achieved.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Low maintenance.<\/strong> It is an optimised and compact system thanks to the functionality of its refrigeration system.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Cost-effectiveness,<\/strong> due to the abundance of this natural refrigerant, its cost is low.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Low refrigerant charge.<\/strong> Thanks to the critical charge design without receiver, it also incorporates energy-saving components.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>No need for a machine room.<\/strong> System with built-in air condenser, designed for outdoor installation.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>No water consumption.<\/strong> Thanks to air condensation for temperatures up to 47\u00baC, the system is therefore free from the risk of legionellosis.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Compatibility<\/strong> of an indirect variable flow glycol refrigeration system (optional).<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Lower manufacturing cost.<\/strong> Its refrigeration system uses smaller diameter steel pipes, resulting in savings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f18c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56f18c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are the applications of ammonia refrigeration?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fe6734 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fe6734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\n\nAmmonia plays a key role in a wide range of applications within refrigeration, ensuring the quality and safety of products and processes. Its main functions include:\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Industrial slaughterhouses:<\/strong> Used in activities such as preservation, freezing chambers and cutting rooms, where it guarantees efficient cooling of the product, maintaining optimum temperature and humidity conditions.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Fruit and vegetable stores:<\/strong> Essential for maintaining optimum temperature and humidity conditions, preserving the quality of the products during storage. It is also used in controlled atmosphere chambers to delay the ripening of certain fruits.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Fishing industry:<\/strong> Used in the preservation of fresh and frozen products, ensuring adequate temperatures for the preservation of fish in ice factories and preservation chambers.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Dairy industries and dairies:<\/strong> Used for the cooling and preservation of milk and its derivatives, coordinating the thermal load with the production of cold to ensure energy efficiency.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Beverage factories:<\/strong> It manages the temperature during fermentation processes, preventing water crystallisation and ensuring the proper development of yeast strains.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Plastics industry:<\/strong> Controls the temperature in the transformation of plastics, guaranteeing the desired shape of the moulded parts.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Other industrial processes:<\/strong> Used in cooling of welding equipment, automotive, aeronautics and other processes requiring precise temperature control.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90d8ccc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"90d8ccc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/en\/bodega-barcience-low-ammonia-refrigeration\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1204\" height=\"347\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ce-bodega-barnience-EN.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-80095\" alt=\"Success story - Bodega Barcience - INTARCON\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ce-bodega-barnience-EN.webp 1204w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ce-bodega-barnience-EN-768x221.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ce-bodega-barnience-EN-640x184.webp 640w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ce-bodega-barnience-EN-400x115.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ce-bodega-barnience-EN-367x106.webp 367w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/ce-bodega-barnience-EN-600x173.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1204px) 100vw, 1204px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6be55d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6be55d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Price<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b0d02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b0d02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\n\nIn general, ammonia tends to be cheaper than many other synthetic refrigerants because of its availability and because it is a relatively simple chemical to produce. However, it is important to note that the price of ammonia can fluctuate due to factors such as supply and demand in the global chemical market, production and transportation costs, as well as government regulations that may affect its production and use.\n\nFinally, when evaluating the price of ammonia in refrigeration, it is important to consider not only the initial cost of acquisition, but also the long-term benefits in terms of energy efficiency, maintenance and compliance with environmental regulations.\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Life cycle calculation. R717 refrigeration plant &#8211; Project data.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #0086be;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"566\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">NH3 refrigeration installation<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Yearly &#8220;handling&#8221; hours (staff working for loading\/unloading and other activities):<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">3.840h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Remaining hours per year in &#8220;maintenance&#8221; regime<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">4.920h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Refrigeration capacity<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">1.200 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Rated hourly power absorbed by compressors<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">325 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Average annual power absorbed by compressors in handling mode<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">230 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Nominal hourly power absorbed by auxiliary equipment (fans, pumps, electrical resistance, etc.)<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Average hourly power absorbed by auxiliary equipment in handling mode<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">38 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Average hourly power absorbed by compressors in maintenance mode (4,920h)<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">120 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Average hourly power absorbed by auxiliary equipment in maintenance mode (4,920h)<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">22 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Life cycle considered<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">15 years<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Current cost of electricity<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">0,11\u20ac\/kWh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Annual energy price increase<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Average cost of electricity over 15 years<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">0,14\u20ac\/kWh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Average interest on money<\/td>\n<td width=\"283\">5% per year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">Annual maintenance costs of the refrigeration plant<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"283\">4% acquisition price<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Life cycle calculation. R717 refrigeration installation &#8211; Economic Analysis.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #0086be;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"566\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Costs distributed over 15 years<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"444\">Previous studies: \u20ac30,000<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">2.000\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"444\">Complete refrigeration plant \u20ac 940,000 with interest<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">90.562\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"444\">Auxiliary installations for the refrigeration plant 180.000\u20ac (electrical, water, compressed air, etc.)<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">17.342\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\" width=\"444\">Average annual energy costs over the 15 years: 1.631.280 kW-h x 0,14\u20ac\/kW<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">228.379\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"444\">Cold plant operating costs (1 operator 20% time)<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">6.600\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"444\">Maintenance costs (refrigeration and auxiliary installations)<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">3.000\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"444\">Environmental costs<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">2.000\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"444\">Decommissioning costs (60,000 \u20ac\/15)<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">4.000\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"444\">Total annual cost<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">353.883\u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"566\">Electricity consumption as a percentage of total consumption: 65%.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f32d2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f32d2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ammonia refrigeration precautions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-391a64c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"391a64c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\">\n\nPreventive measures are essential to ensure reliable operation of equipment throughout its lifetime, while ensuring that it operates at maximum efficiency:\n<ol>\n \t<li>It is compulsory to contract preventive maintenance with an authorised company, which according to RD 552\/2019 is compulsory for level installations.<\/li>\n \t<li>Maintenance must be carried out in accordance with the instruction manual provided by the manufacturer. It should not be forgotten that non-compliance with the frequency and\/or scope of inspections can lead to a loss of guarantees and, furthermore, disregards the principle of preventive action (Law 31\/1995 and RD 486\/1997).<\/li>\n \t<li>Over the last few years there has been a noticeable increase in counterfeits in the refrigeration industry and it is up to the user to demand that a certificate issued by the original manufacturer or an equivalent certificate is presented in order to ensure compliance with national and international legislation that may apply.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nFurthermore, in terms of safety in the work area, it is important to take the necessary safety measures to ensure that in the event of an unexpected event during the production process, the installation is safe and that overexposure of ammonia to the environment can be avoided, which could cause problems of greater impact on the integrity of the work area as well as the loss of the product. On the other hand, it is a gas with a characteristic odour that is easy to identify.\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc435f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc435f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Applicable regulations<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488fdf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488fdf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cuerpo-texto-blog\"><p>As ammonia is a refrigerant that has been used with compression equipment since 1876, a series of standards and regulations have been developed to guarantee the best safety for people, the environment and stored products, and in the European Union the standard recognised by all member states is EN 378 &#8220;Refrigeration systems and heat pumps. Safety and environmental requirements&#8221;, which is aligned with the international safety standard ISO 5149. EN 378, has incorporated new features such as:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Part 1.<\/strong> Introduction of flammability category 2L. A charge calculation method based on refrigerant classification and the addition of two new alternative methods.<\/li><li><strong>Part 2.<\/strong> Changes to the flow charts used for the determination of protective device requirements.<\/li><li><strong>Part 3.<\/strong> Changes to the requirements for engine rooms.<\/li><li><strong>Part 4.<\/strong> Arrangements for handling ammonia vapour.<\/li><\/ul><p>However, each country has its own rules and regulations.<\/p><p>In Europe, the regulations applicable to ammonia refrigeration are mainly regulated by <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32014L0068\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Directive 2014\/68\/EU<\/a> on pressure equipment and <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:165:0013:0040:en:PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Directive 2009\/29\/EC<\/a> on the limitation of emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases.<\/p><p>Directive 2014\/68\/EU sets out design, manufacturing, inspection and conformity requirements for pressure equipment, including refrigeration systems using ammonia as a refrigerant. These requirements aim to ensure the safety and integrity of equipment and to prevent accidents.<\/p><p>On the other hand, Directive 2009\/29\/EC aims to reduce emissions of fluorinated gases, including many of the synthetic refrigerants used in refrigeration systems. This may influence the choice of more environmentally friendly alternative refrigerants, such as ammonia, in refrigeration systems.<\/p><h4>Some of the existing regulations in other territories are for example:<\/h4><ul><li>United States:<ul><li>Clean Air Act (Title VI): Regulates emissions of fluorinated gases, including refrigerants used in refrigeration systems.<\/li><li>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Establishes occupational safety standards related to the handling of ammonia in work environments.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Canada:<ul><li>Canadian Environmental Protection Act: regulates the handling and emissions of hazardous substances, including refrigerants such as ammonia.<\/li><li>Provincial Occupational Safety Regulations: May establish additional requirements for the safe handling of ammonia in work environments.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Australia:<ul><li>Chemical Control Act: regulates the safe handling of hazardous chemicals, including ammonia.<\/li><li>State Workplace Safety Regulations: Set requirements for the safe handling of ammonia in work environments.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Japan:<ul><li>Chemical Substance Control Law: regulates the safe handling of hazardous chemicals, including ammonia.<\/li><li>Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Regulations: May establish additional requirements for the safe handling of refrigerants.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1abe82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d1abe82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/en\/technical-advice\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1191\" height=\"347\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CTA-EN-SOLICITAR-ASESORIA-TECNICA.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-95985\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CTA-EN-SOLICITAR-ASESORIA-TECNICA.webp 1191w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CTA-EN-SOLICITAR-ASESORIA-TECNICA-768x224.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CTA-EN-SOLICITAR-ASESORIA-TECNICA-640x186.webp 640w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CTA-EN-SOLICITAR-ASESORIA-TECNICA-400x117.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CTA-EN-SOLICITAR-ASESORIA-TECNICA-367x107.webp 367w, https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/CTA-EN-SOLICITAR-ASESORIA-TECNICA-600x175.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1191px) 100vw, 1191px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d72a290 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d72a290\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"http:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"Article\",\r\n  \"name\": \"Ammonia refrigeration (NH3 \u2013 R717)\",\r\n  \"description\": \"Discover how ammonia refrigeration is transforming industry. Learn about its properties, benefits, applications, regulations, pricing and precautions to understand its impact today.\",\r\n  \"author\": {\r\n    \"@type\": \"Person\",\r\n    \"name\": \"Jose Miguel Molina Jim\u00e9nez\"\r\n  },\r\n  \"publisher\": {\r\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\r\n    \"name\": \"INTARCON\",\r\n    \"logo\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\r\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/logotipo-intarcon-positivo.webp\",\r\n      \"width\": 300,\r\n      \"height\": 29\r\n    }\r\n  },\r\n  \"datePublished\": \"2024-04-19T12:30:00+02:00\",\r\n  \"dateModified\": \"2024-04-19T12:30:00+02:00\",\r\n  \"image\": {\r\n    \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\r\n    \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/refrigeracion-con-amoniaco-nh3-r717.webp\",\r\n    \"width\": 1090,\r\n    \"height\": 445\r\n  },\r\n  \"mainEntityOfPage\": {\r\n    \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\r\n    \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/en\/ammonia-refrigeration-nh3-r717\/\"\r\n  },\r\n  \"articleBody\": \"Nowadays refrigeration with ammonia, also known as NH3 or R717, is one of the main alternatives, but why?\r\nAmmonia or NH3 is a natural refrigerant of type L2, mainly used in large industrial plants, known as chillers or chiller plants. NH3 refrigeration technology stands out for its excellent thermodynamic properties.\r\nIts performance allows its application in medium and low temperatures, reaching temperatures down to -70 \u00baC.\r\nAmmonia properties (NH3 - R717)\r\nMain characteristics of ammonia\r\nChemical formula\tNH3\r\nLiquid density at +20\u00b0C\t610 kg\/m3\r\nGas density at +20\u00baC\t0,78kg\/m3\r\nRelative gas density (with respect to air)\t0,6\r\nTriple point\t-77,7 \u00baC\r\nEvaporating temperature at 1,013 bar\t-33,4 \u00baC\r\nIgnition temperature (DIN 51794)\t+ 651 \u00baC\r\nExplosive concentration in volume\t15-28%\r\nExplosive concentration by weight\t114-212,8 g\/m3\r\nExplosive concentration in p.p.m.\t150000 \u2013 280000 ppm\r\nVolume increase with change of state\t800 times\r\nVery soluble in water (litres NH3\/litre water)\t1140 a 0\u00baC\r\nCauses skin burns\t \r\n \r\nRequired quality of ammonia for use as a refrigerant\r\nPurity\t99,98%\r\nMaximum water content\t150 ppm\r\nWaste oil\t3 ppm\r\nUncondensable\t0,2 ml\/g\r\nWhy is ammonia used in refrigeration?\r\nAmmonia refrigeration arises mainly because of the consequences related to the use of halocarbon refrigerants (HFCs, HCFCs and CFCs) that they cause:\r\nThe destruction of the ozone layer led to its prohibition through the Montreal Protocol.\r\nGlobal warming as a consequence of the emission of greenhouse gases. This led to the need to limit and even ban the use of HFCs, which had been introduced as substitutes for CFCs and HCFCs. In order to regularise this situation, the Kyoto Protocol was formalised.\r\nThis reinforced the objective of the Paris Agreement whose goal is to keep global warming below 1.5\u00b0C to 2\u00b0C by 2100. We must also bear in mind that these emissions will be increasingly restricted worldwide until they are finally banned. In order to solve the future refrigerant shortage, two possibilities have been considered and developed:\r\nSynthesising new refrigerants, although after their failure and the banning of the well-known HFCs as \u201csubstitutes\u201d, this alternative would only lead to the unknown.\r\nUse known natural refrigerants that are compatible with environmental protection.\r\nNatural refrigerants do not contribute to ozone depletion, global warming or ecological safety. In addition, it allows their indirect contribution to global warming to be reduced. The natural refrigerants currently used are:\r\nAir(R-729)\r\nWater (R-718)\r\nCarbon dioxide or CO2 (R-744)\r\nAmmonia or NH3 (R-717)\r\nIn addition, there are also HC Hydrocarbons: Propane (R-290), propylene (R-1270), butane (R-600), isobutane (R-600a), ethane (R-170). The use of any of these fluids may involve certain hazards, but these will be controlled by proper execution and maintenance, based on the extensive experience available and compliance with applicable regulations, local ordinances and standards.\r\nBenefits and advantages of ammonia refrigeration\r\nAmmonia (NH3 or R717) has been used as a refrigerant since the late 19th century, and remains a popular choice today, especially in industrial and commercial applications. Its use is due to a number of benefits and advantages that make it an attractive alternative to synthetic refrigerants.\r\nBenefits\r\nAmmonia or NH3 refrigeration technology has the following benefits:\r\nEfficiency and higher performance than other HFC gases such as R134a, R290 or even CO2.\r\nReliability and safety due to the current regulations governing the safe application on your premises and its characteristic odour, easy to identify in case of leakage.\r\nEnvironmental sustainability. R717 is a natural refrigerant with zero GWP and ODP.\r\nSmart investment, due to its fast return on investment at maximum yield.\r\nAdvantages\r\nAmmonia or NH3 refrigeration technology has the following advantages:\r\nEnergy efficiency. Thanks to its excellent thermodynamic properties, electricity consumption is reduced and a quick return on investment is achieved.\r\nLow maintenance. It is an optimised and compact system thanks to the functionality of its refrigeration system.\r\nCost-effectiveness, due to the abundance of this natural refrigerant, its cost is low.\r\nLow refrigerant charge. Thanks to the critical charge design without receiver, it also incorporates energy-saving components.\r\nNo need for a machine room. System with built-in air condenser, designed for outdoor installation.\r\nNo water consumption. Thanks to air condensation for temperatures up to 47\u00baC, the system is therefore free from the risk of legionellosis.\r\nCompatibility of an indirect variable flow glycol refrigeration system (optional).\r\nLower manufacturing cost. Its refrigeration system uses smaller diameter steel pipes, resulting in savings.\r\nWhat are the applications of ammonia refrigeration?\r\nAmmonia plays a key role in a wide range of applications within refrigeration, ensuring the quality and safety of products and processes. Its main functions include:\r\nIndustrial slaughterhouses: Used in activities such as preservation, freezing chambers and cutting rooms, where it guarantees efficient cooling of the product, maintaining optimum temperature and humidity conditions.\r\nFruit and vegetable stores: Essential for maintaining optimum temperature and humidity conditions, preserving the quality of the products during storage. It is also used in controlled atmosphere chambers to delay the ripening of certain fruits.\r\nFishing industry: Used in the preservation of fresh and frozen products, ensuring adequate temperatures for the preservation of fish in ice factories and preservation chambers.\r\nDairy industries and dairies: Used for the cooling and preservation of milk and its derivatives, coordinating the thermal load with the production of cold to ensure energy efficiency.\r\nBeverage factories: It manages the temperature during fermentation processes, preventing water crystallisation and ensuring the proper development of yeast strains.\r\nPlastics industry: Controls the temperature in the transformation of plastics, guaranteeing the desired shape of the moulded parts.\r\nOther industrial processes: Used in cooling of welding equipment, automotive, aeronautics and other processes requiring precise temperature control.\r\nPrice\r\nIn general, ammonia tends to be cheaper than many other synthetic refrigerants because of its availability and because it is a relatively simple chemical to produce. However, it is important to note that the price of ammonia can fluctuate due to factors such as supply and demand in the global chemical market, production and transportation costs, as well as government regulations that may affect its production and use. Finally, when evaluating the price of ammonia in refrigeration, it is important to consider not only the initial cost of acquisition, but also the long-term benefits in terms of energy efficiency, maintenance and compliance with environmental regulations.\r\nLife cycle calculation. R717 refrigeration plant \u2013 Project data.\r\nNH3 refrigeration installation\r\nYearly \u201chandling\u201d hours (staff working for loading\/unloading and other activities):\t3.840h\r\nRemaining hours per year in \u201cmaintenance\u201d regime\t4.920h\r\nRefrigeration capacity\t1.200 kW\r\nRated hourly power absorbed by compressors\t325 kW\r\nAverage annual power absorbed by compressors in handling mode\t230 kW\r\nNominal hourly power absorbed by auxiliary equipment (fans, pumps, electrical resistance, etc.)\t\r\nAverage hourly power absorbed by auxiliary equipment in handling mode\t38 kW\r\nAverage hourly power absorbed by compressors in maintenance mode (4,920h)\t120 kW\r\nAverage hourly power absorbed by auxiliary equipment in maintenance mode (4,920h)\t22 kW\r\nLife cycle considered\t15 years\r\nCurrent cost of electricity\t0,11\u20ac\/kWh\r\nAnnual energy price increase\t3%\r\nAverage cost of electricity over 15 years\t0,14\u20ac\/kWh\r\nAverage interest on money\t5% per year\r\nAnnual maintenance costs of the refrigeration plant\t4% acquisition price\r\nLife cycle calculation. R717 refrigeration installation \u2013 Economic Analysis.\r\n\r\nCosts distributed over 15 years\r\nPrevious studies: \u20ac30,000\t2.000\u20ac\r\nComplete refrigeration plant \u20ac 940,000 with interest\t90.562\u20ac\r\nAuxiliary installations for the refrigeration plant 180.000\u20ac (electrical, water, compressed air, etc.)\t17.342\u20ac\r\nAverage annual energy costs over the 15 years: 1.631.280 kW-h x 0,14\u20ac\/kW\t228.379\u20ac\r\nCold plant operating costs (1 operator 20% time)\t6.600\u20ac\r\nMaintenance costs (refrigeration and auxiliary installations)\t3.000\u20ac\r\nEnvironmental costs\t2.000\u20ac\r\nDecommissioning costs (60,000 \u20ac\/15)\t4.000\u20ac\r\nTotal annual cost\t353.883\u20ac\r\nElectricity consumption as a percentage of total consumption: 65%.\r\nAmmonia refrigeration precautions\r\nPreventive measures are essential to ensure reliable operation of equipment throughout its lifetime, while ensuring that it operates at maximum efficiency:\r\nIt is compulsory to contract preventive maintenance with an authorised company, which according to RD 552\/2019 is compulsory for level installations.\r\nMaintenance must be carried out in accordance with the instruction manual provided by the manufacturer. It should not be forgotten that non-compliance with the frequency and\/or scope of inspections can lead to a loss of guarantees and, furthermore, disregards the principle of preventive action (Law 31\/1995 and RD 486\/1997).\r\nOver the last few years there has been a noticeable increase in counterfeits in the refrigeration industry and it is up to the user to demand that a certificate issued by the original manufacturer or an equivalent certificate is presented in order to ensure compliance with national and international legislation that may apply.\r\nFurthermore, in terms of safety in the work area, it is important to take the necessary safety measures to ensure that in the event of an unexpected event during the production process, the installation is safe and that overexposure of ammonia to the environment can be avoided, which could cause problems of greater impact on the integrity of the work area as well as the loss of the product. On the other hand, it is a gas with a characteristic odour that is easy to identify.\r\nApplicable regulations\r\nAs ammonia is a refrigerant that has been used with compression equipment since 1876, a series of standards and regulations have been developed to guarantee the best safety for people, the environment and stored products, and in the European Union the standard recognised by all member states is EN 378 \u201cRefrigeration systems and heat pumps. Safety and environmental requirements\u201d, which is aligned with the international safety standard ISO 5149. EN 378, has incorporated new features such as:\r\n\r\nPart 1. Introduction of flammability category 2L. A charge calculation method based on refrigerant classification and the addition of two new alternative methods.\r\nPart 2. Changes to the flow charts used for the determination of protective device requirements.\r\nPart 3. Changes to the requirements for engine rooms.\r\nPart 4. Arrangements for handling ammonia vapour.\r\nHowever, each country has its own rules and regulations.\r\n\r\nIn Europe, the regulations applicable to ammonia refrigeration are mainly regulated by Directive 2014\/68\/EU on pressure equipment and Directive 2009\/29\/EC on the limitation of emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases.\r\n\r\nDirective 2014\/68\/EU sets out design, manufacturing, inspection and conformity requirements for pressure equipment, including refrigeration systems using ammonia as a refrigerant. These requirements aim to ensure the safety and integrity of equipment and to prevent accidents.\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, Directive 2009\/29\/EC aims to reduce emissions of fluorinated gases, including many of the synthetic refrigerants used in refrigeration systems. This may influence the choice of more environmentally friendly alternative refrigerants, such as ammonia, in refrigeration systems.\r\n\r\nSome of the existing regulations in other territories are for example:\r\nUnited States:\r\nClean Air Act (Title VI): Regulates emissions of fluorinated gases, including refrigerants used in refrigeration systems.\r\nOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Establishes occupational safety standards related to the handling of ammonia in work environments.\r\nCanada:\r\nCanadian Environmental Protection Act: regulates the handling and emissions of hazardous substances, including refrigerants such as ammonia.\r\nProvincial Occupational Safety Regulations: May establish additional requirements for the safe handling of ammonia in work environments.\r\nAustralia:\r\nChemical Control Act: regulates the safe handling of hazardous chemicals, including ammonia.\r\nState Workplace Safety Regulations: Set requirements for the safe handling of ammonia in work environments.\r\nJapan:\r\nChemical Substance Control Law: regulates the safe handling of hazardous chemicals, including ammonia.\r\nMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Regulations: May establish additional requirements for the safe handling of refrigerants.\",\r\n  \"keywords\": \"ammonia refrigeration, NH3, R717, food industry, industrial slaughterhouses, refrigeration systems, refrigeration applications, ammonia refrigeration precautions\",\r\n  \"additionalProperty\": [\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Chemical formula\",\r\n      \"value\": \"NH3\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Liquid density at +20\u00baC\",\r\n      \"value\": \"610 kg\/m3\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Gas density at +20\u00baC\",\r\n      \"value\": \"0,78kg\/m3\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Relative gas density (with respect to air)\",\r\n      \"value\": \"0,6\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Triple point\",\r\n      \"value\": \"-77,7 \u00baC\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Evaporating temperature at 1,013 bar\",\r\n      \"value\": \"-33,4 \u00baC\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Ignition temperature (DIN 51794)\",\r\n      \"value\": \"+ 651 \u00baC\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Explosive concentration in volume\",\r\n      \"value\": \"15-28%\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Concentraci\u00f3n explosiva en peso\",\r\n      \"value\": \"114-212,8 g\/m3\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Explosive concentration in p.p.m.\",\r\n      \"value\": \"150000 \u2013 280000 ppm\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Aumento volumen con cambio de estado\",\r\n      \"value\": \"800 veces\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Highly soluble in water (litres NH3\/litre water)\",\r\n      \"value\": \"1140 a 0\u00baC\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Purity\",\r\n      \"value\": \"99,98%\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Maximum water content\",\r\n      \"value\": \"150 ppm\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Waste oil\",\r\n      \"value\": \"3 ppm\"\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"PropertyValue\",\r\n      \"name\": \"Unspeakable\",\r\n      \"value\": \"0,2 ml\/g\"\r\n    }\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nowadays refrigeration with ammonia, also known as NH3 or R717, is one of the main alternatives, but why? Ammonia or NH3 is a natural refrigerant of type L2, mainly used in large industrial plants, known as chillers or chiller plants. NH3 refrigeration technology stands out for its excellent thermodynamic properties. Its performance allows its application [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":89489,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[211,659],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-89524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en","category-nh3-en"],"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":["https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/refrigeracion-con-amoniaco-nh3-r717.webp",1090,445,false],"list":["https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/refrigeracion-con-amoniaco-nh3-r717-463x348.webp",463,348,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/refrigeracion-con-amoniaco-nh3-r717.webp",1090,445,false],"full":["https:\/\/www.intarcon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/refrigeracion-con-amoniaco-nh3-r717.webp",1090,445,false]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ammonia refrigeration (NH3 - R717) - INTARCON<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ammonia refrigeration is the ideal solution for companies looking for efficiency, performance and sustainability. 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